#### Dependency Parsing

Dependency parsing identifies grammatical relationships between words. Each word connects to a "head" word through a dependency relation.

#### Core Arguments

- nsubj – Nominal Subject
- obj – Object (direct object)
- iobj – Indirect Object
- csubj – Clausal Subject ("What she said surprised me")
- ccomp – Clausal Complement ("He said that he would come")
- xcomp – Open Clausal Complement: clause without its own subject ("I want to go")

#### Modifiers

- amod – Adjectival Modifier
- advmod – Adverbial Modifier
- nmod – Nominal Modifier
- nummod – Numeric Modifier
- acl – Adnominal Clause: clause modifying a noun ("the man who arrived")
- advcl – Adverbial Clause Modifier ("If it rains, we stay")

#### Function Words

- det – Determiner
- case – Case Marking: adpositions, postpositions
- aux – Auxiliary
- cop – Copula (linking verb like "is")
- mark – Marker: subordinating conjunction introducing a clause

#### Coordination & Compounding

- conj – Conjunct
- cc – Coordinating Conjunction
- compound – Compound ("ice cream", "New York")
- flat – Flat Expression: names without internal structure ("John Smith")
- fixed – Fixed Multiword Expression ("in spite of")

#### Other Relations

- root – Root: head of the sentence
- appos – Appositional Modifier ("my friend, John")
- obl – Oblique Nominal: non-core nominal argument
- vocative – Vocative: direct address ("John, come here")
- expl – Expletive ("There is a problem")
- punct – Punctuation
- dep – Unspecified Dependency

Learn More: Universal Dependencies Relations