# Multi-Group Factor Analysis

#### Po-Hsien Huang

In this example, we will show how to use `lslx` to conduct multi-group factor analysis. The example uses data `HolzingerSwineford1939` in the package `lavaan`. Hence, `lavaan` must be installed.

## Model Specification

In the following specification, `x1` - `x9` is assumed to be measurements of 3 latent factors: `visual`, `textual`, and `speed`.

    model_mgfa <- "visual  :=> 1 * x1 + x2 + x3
                   textual :=> 1 * x4 + x5 + x6
                   speed   :=> 1 * x7 + x8 + x9"

The operator `:=>` means that the LHS latent factors is defined by the RHS observed variables. In this model, `visual` is mainly measured by `x1` - `x3`, `textual` is mainly measured by `x4` - `x6`, and `speed` is mainly measured by `x7` - `x9`. Loadings of `x1`, `x4`, and `x7` are fixed at 1 for scale setting. The above specification is valid for both groups. Details of model syntax can be found in the section of Model Syntax via `?lslx`.

## Object Initialization

`lslx` is written as an `R6` class. Everytime we conduct analysis with `lslx`, an `lslx` object must be initialized. The following code initializes an `lslx` object named `lslx_mgfa`.

    library(lslx)
    lslx_mgfa <- lslx$new(model = model_mgfa,
                        data = lavaan::HolzingerSwineford1939,
                        group_variable = "school",
                        reference_group = "Pasteur")

    An 'lslx' R6 class is initialized via 'data' argument.
      Response Variables: x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9
      Latent Factors: visual textual speed
      Groups: Grant-White Pasteur
      Reference Group: Pasteur
    NOTE: Because Pasteur is set as reference, coefficients in other groups actually represent increments from the reference.

Here, `lslx` is the object generator for `lslx` object and `new` is the build-in method of `lslx` to generate a new `lslx` object. The initialization of `lslx` requires users to specify a model for model specification (argument `model`) and a data set to be fitted (argument `sample_data`). The data set must contain all the observed variables specified in the given model. Because in this example a multi-group analysis is considered, variable for group labeling (argument `group_variable`) must be specified. In lslx, two types of parameterization can be used in multi-group analysis. The first type is the same with the traditional multi-group SEM, which treats model parameters in each group separately. The second type sets one group as reference and treats model parameters in other groups as increments with respect to the reference. Under the second type of parameterization, the group heterogeneity can be efficiently explored if we treat the increments as penalized parameters. In this example, `Pasteur` is set as reference. Hence, the parameters in `Grant-White` now reflect differences from the reference.

## Model Respecification

After an `lslx` object is initialized, the heterogeneity of a multi-group model can be quickly respecified by `$free_heterogeneity()`, `$fix_heterogeneity()`, and `$penalize_heterogeneity()` methods. The following code sets `x2<-visual`, `x3<-visual`, `x5<-textual`, `x6<-textual`, `x8<-speed`, `x9<-speed`, and `x2<-1`, `x3<-1`, `x5<-1`, `x6<-1`, `x8<-1`, `x9<-1` in `Grant-White` as penalized parameters. Note that parameters in `Grant-White` now reflect differences since `Pasteur` is set as reference.

    lslx_mgfa$penalize_heterogeneity(block = c("y<-1", "y<-f"), group = "Grant-White")

    The relation x1<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x2<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x3<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x4<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x5<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x6<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x7<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x8<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x9<-1 under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x2<-visual under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x3<-visual under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x5<-textual under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x6<-textual under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x8<-speed under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    The relation x9<-speed under Grant-White is set as PENALIZED with starting value = 0.
    NOTE: Because Pasteur is set as reference, a relation under other group actually represents an increment.
    NOTE: Please check whether the starting value for the increment represents a difference.

Since the homogeneity of latent factor means may not be a reasonable assumption when examining measurement invariance, the following code relaxes this assumption

    lslx_mgfa$free_block(block = "f<-1", group = "Grant-White")

    The relation visual<-1 under Grant-White is set as FREE with starting value = 0.
    The relation textual<-1 under Grant-White is set as FREE with starting value = 0.
    The relation speed<-1 under Grant-White is set as FREE with starting value = 0.
    NOTE: Because Pasteur is set as reference, a relation under other group actually represents an increment.
    NOTE: Please check whether the starting value for the increment represents a difference.

To see more methods to modify a specified model, please check the section of Set-Related Method via `?lslx`.

## Model Fitting

After an `lslx` object is initialized, method `$fit_mcp()` can be used to fit the specified model into the given data with MCP.

    lslx_mgfa$fit_mcp()

    CONGRATS: Algorithm converges under EVERY specified penalty level.
      Specified Tolerance for Convergence: 0.001
      Specified Maximal Number of Iterations: 100

All the fitting result will be stored in the `fitting` field of `lslx_mgfa`.

## Model Summarizing

Unlike traditional SEM analysis, `lslx` fits the model into data under all the penalty levels considered. To summarize the fitting result, a selector to determine an optimal penalty level must be specified. Available selectors can be found in the section of Penalty Level Selection via `?lslx`. The following code summarize the fitting result under the penalty level selected by Haughton’s Bayesian information criterion (HBIC).

    lslx_mgfa$summarize(selector = "hbic")

    General Information
       number of observations                                301
       number of complete observations                       301
       number of missing patterns                           none
       number of groups                                        2
       number of responses                                     9
       number of factors                                       3
       number of free coefficients                            48
       number of penalized coefficients                       15

    Numerical Conditions
       selected lambda                                     0.134
       selected delta                                      3.063
       selected step                                        none
       objective value                                     0.485
       objective gradient absolute maximum                 0.001
       objective Hessian convexity                         0.187
       number of iterations                               11.000
       loss value                                          0.430
       number of non-zero coefficients                    50.000
       degrees of freedom                                 58.000
       robust degrees of freedom                          60.646
       scaling factor                                      1.046

    Fit Indices
       root mean square error of approximation (rmsea)     0.090
       comparative fit index (cfi)                         0.919
       non-normed fit index (nnfi)                         0.900
       standardized root mean of residual (srmr)           0.085

    Likelihood Ratio Test
                        statistic         df    p-value
       unadjusted         129.424     58.000      0.000
       mean-adjusted      123.777     58.000      0.000

    Root Mean Square Error of Approximation Test
                         estimate      lower      upper
       unadjusted           0.090      0.065      0.115
       mean-adjusted        0.089      0.063      0.114

    Coefficient Test (Group = "Pasteur", Std.Error = "sandwich")
      Factor Loading (reference component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
           x1<-visual    fixed     1.000        -        -        -      -      -
           x2<-visual     free     0.604      0.143    4.211    0.000  0.323  0.885
           x3<-visual     free     0.789      0.157    5.027    0.000  0.481  1.096
          x4<-textual    fixed     1.000        -        -        -      -      -
          x5<-textual     free     1.120      0.067   16.599    0.000  0.988  1.252
          x6<-textual     free     0.932      0.064   14.678    0.000  0.808  1.057
            x7<-speed    fixed     1.000        -        -        -      -      -
            x8<-speed     free     1.200      0.134    8.947    0.000  0.937  1.463
            x9<-speed     free     1.040      0.208    5.005    0.000  0.633  1.448

      Covariance (reference component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
     textual<->visual     free     0.406      0.135    3.017    0.003  0.142  0.671
       speed<->visual     free     0.169      0.066    2.565    0.010  0.040  0.298
      speed<->textual     free     0.173      0.060    2.899    0.004  0.056  0.290

      Variance (reference component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
      visual<->visual     free     0.801      0.230    3.489    0.000  0.351  1.252
    textual<->textual     free     0.880      0.135    6.532    0.000  0.616  1.144
        speed<->speed     free     0.305      0.083    3.684    0.000  0.143  0.467
              x1<->x1     free     0.556      0.181    3.077    0.002  0.202  0.910
              x2<->x2     free     1.269      0.172    7.370    0.000  0.931  1.606
              x3<->x3     free     0.881      0.131    6.744    0.000  0.625  1.136
              x4<->x4     free     0.446      0.070    6.328    0.000  0.308  0.584
              x5<->x5     free     0.502      0.083    6.019    0.000  0.339  0.666
              x6<->x6     free     0.263      0.058    4.518    0.000  0.149  0.377
              x7<->x7     free     0.849      0.113    7.516    0.000  0.628  1.071
              x8<->x8     free     0.516      0.094    5.469    0.000  0.331  0.701
              x9<->x9     free     0.656      0.118    5.573    0.000  0.426  0.887

      Intercept (reference component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
                x1<-1     free     4.914      0.095   51.569    0.000  4.727  5.101
                x2<-1     free     6.087      0.080   75.899    0.000  5.930  6.245
                x3<-1     free     2.487      0.093   26.780    0.000  2.305  2.669
                x4<-1     free     2.778      0.087   31.915    0.000  2.608  2.949
                x5<-1     free     4.035      0.103   39.171    0.000  3.833  4.237
                x6<-1     free     1.926      0.075   25.776    0.000  1.779  2.072
                x7<-1     free     4.432      0.087   51.183    0.000  4.263  4.602
                x8<-1     free     5.569      0.074   75.578    0.000  5.425  5.714
                x9<-1     free     5.409      0.070   77.099    0.000  5.272  5.547

    Coefficient Test (Group = "Grant-White", Std.Error = "sandwich")
      Factor Loading (increment component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
           x1<-visual    fixed     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
           x2<-visual      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
           x3<-visual      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
          x4<-textual    fixed     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
          x5<-textual      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
          x6<-textual      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
            x7<-speed    fixed     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
            x8<-speed      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
            x9<-speed      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -

      Covariance (increment component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
     textual<->visual     free     0.020      0.144    0.136    0.892 -0.263  0.303
       speed<->visual     free     0.144      0.105    1.363    0.173 -0.063  0.351
      speed<->textual     free     0.050      0.108    0.461    0.645 -0.163  0.263

      Variance (increment component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
      visual<->visual     free    -0.085      0.198   -0.427    0.669 -0.473  0.304
    textual<->textual     free    -0.011      0.167   -0.063    0.950 -0.337  0.316
        speed<->speed     free     0.170      0.094    1.801    0.072 -0.015  0.355
              x1<->x1     free     0.094      0.178    0.530    0.596 -0.254  0.442
              x2<->x2     free    -0.329      0.221   -1.490    0.136 -0.761  0.104
              x3<->x3     free    -0.277      0.138   -2.000    0.045 -0.548 -0.006
              x4<->x4     free    -0.103      0.094   -1.101    0.271 -0.286  0.080
              x5<->x5     free    -0.126      0.103   -1.220    0.223 -0.327  0.076
              x6<->x6     free     0.174      0.093    1.874    0.061 -0.008  0.356
              x7<->x7     free    -0.250      0.133   -1.886    0.059 -0.510  0.010
              x8<->x8     free    -0.109      0.142   -0.769    0.442 -0.387  0.169
              x9<->x9     free    -0.126      0.142   -0.884    0.377 -0.404  0.153

      Intercept (increment component)
                          type  estimate  std.error  z-value  P(>|z|)  lower  upper
            visual<-1     free     0.050      0.132    0.377    0.706 -0.209  0.309
           textual<-1     free     0.576      0.120    4.789    0.000  0.340  0.812
             speed<-1     free    -0.072      0.089   -0.807    0.419 -0.245  0.102
                x1<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
                x2<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
                x3<-1      pen    -0.531      0.117   -4.520    0.000 -0.761 -0.301
                x4<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
                x5<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
                x6<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
                x7<-1      pen    -0.440      0.108   -4.065    0.000 -0.652 -0.228
                x8<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -
                x9<-1      pen     0.000        -        -        -      -      -

In this example, we can see that all of the loadings are invariant across the two groups. However, the intercepts of `x3` and `x7` seem to be not invariant. The `$summarize()` method also shows the result of significance tests for the coefficients. In `lslx`, the default standard errors are calculated based on sandwich formula whenever raw data is available. It is generally valid even when the model is misspecified and the data is not normal. However, it may not be valid after selecting an optimal penalty level.